What You Should Know About HPV and Cervical Cancer Screening

Cervical cancer remains one of the most preventable types of cancer, thanks in large part to screening methods and the understanding of its primary cause: human papillomavirus (HPV). Knowing the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer, as well as the importance of regular screenings, can empower individuals to take charge of their health. Here, we’ll delve into key facts about HPV, cervical cancer screening, and how you can protect yourself.

What Is HPV?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of over 200 related viruses. Some types cause common skin warts, while others are sexually transmitted and can infect the genital area, mouth, and throat. HPV is incredibly common; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that nearly all sexually active individuals will contract at least one strain in their lifetime. While many HPV infections clear up on their own without causing symptoms, certain strains—notably HPV types 16 and 18—are linked to cervical cancer.

How HPV Is Related to Cervical Cancer

HPV infections are responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer. The virus can cause changes in cervical cells, leading to precancerous conditions. If left untreated, these abnormal cells may develop into cancer over time. However, this progression is typically slow, taking years or even decades, which makes regular screening so effective at catching issues early.

The Importance of Cervical Cancer Screening

Cervical cancer screening involves two primary tests:

Pap Test (Pap Smear): This test checks for abnormal cells in the cervix that could develop into cancer. A sample of cells is taken from the cervix and examined under a microscope.
HPV Test: This test detects the presence of high-risk HPV strains in cervical cells. It is often done alongside a Pap test for a more comprehensive screening.

When Should You Begin Screening?

Ages 21-29: Women should start with Pap tests every three years. HPV testing is typically not necessary at this stage unless a Pap test result is abnormal.
Ages 30-65: A combination of Pap and HPV testing every five years (called co-testing) is recommended, or a Pap test alone every three years.
Over 65: Women who’ve had regular screenings with normal results may no longer need to be screened. However, this decision should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.

Vaccination: A Key Preventative Measure

The HPV vaccine offers robust protection against the strains of HPV most commonly linked to cervical cancer. It is recommended for:

Children and Teens: Ideally given at ages 11-12 but can be started as early as age 9.
Young Adults: Vaccination is recommended up to age 26 if not completed earlier.
Adults 27-45: Vaccination may still be beneficial, depending on individual circumstances. Discuss this option with your healthcare provider.

Common Myths About HPV and Cervical Cancer Screening

Myth: Only women need to worry about HPV. Fact: HPV can affect anyone, and certain strains cause other types of cancer, such as anal, penile, and throat cancers.
Myth: If I’m vaccinated, I don’t need screening. Fact: The vaccine doesn’t protect against all HPV strains, so regular screening remains essential.
Myth: An abnormal Pap test always means cancer. Fact: Abnormal results often indicate precancerous changes, not cancer. Follow-up testing can clarify the situation.

What to Expect During a Screening

Cervical cancer screening is a quick and generally painless procedure performed in a doctor’s office:

You will lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups.
The healthcare provider will use a speculum to gently open the vaginal walls and collect cell samples from the cervix.
The sample is sent to a lab for analysis, with results typically available within a week.

What Happens If Abnormal Results Are Found?

If your screening results are abnormal, don’t panic. Your doctor may recommend:

Repeat Testing: Sometimes changes are minor and may resolve on their own.
Colposcopy: A closer examination of the cervix using a special magnifying instrument.
Biopsy: A small sample of cervical tissue is taken for further testing.

Why Regular Screening Matters

Cervical cancer often shows no symptoms in its early stages. By the time symptoms like abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or unusual discharge appear, the cancer may have advanced. Regular screenings can detect precancerous changes before they become serious, providing an opportunity for early intervention and treatment.

Take Charge of Your Health

Protecting yourself against cervical cancer starts with awareness and proactive care. Schedule regular screenings, consider vaccination if you’re eligible, and talk to your healthcare provider about any concerns. At Kernodle OB/GYN, we’re committed to providing compassionate and comprehensive care to help you maintain your reproductive health.